Optical element of reduced thickness

ABSTRACT

An optical element of reduced thickness is formed by a mosaic of discrete lens faces, the lens faces together deflecting light in a manner equivalent to a conventional optical element of much greater thickness. Process and apparatus for the production of the lens element is included.

United Statr Alvarez OPTICAL ELEMENT OF REDUCED THICKNESS 2,915,935 12/1959 Pabst et al. 350/167 FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS [75] Inventor: Luis W. Alvarez, Berkeley, Calif.

11,140 101909 F I [73] Assignee: Optical Research & Development fame 350/2] Corporation, Oakland, Calif. d: A 30 1973 Primary Examiner.lohn K. Corbin [22] l e pr Attorney, Agent, or FirmTownsend and Townsend [21] Appl. No.: 355,832

Related [1.8. Application Data [62] Division of Ser. No. 131,156, April 5, 1971, Pat. No. [57 ABSTRACT An optical element of reduced thickness is formed by [52] Cl 350/189 350/167 a mosaic of discrete lens faces, the lens faces together 350/213 deflecting light in a manner equivalent to a conven- [51] Illt. CI. 602D 3/08 tional optical element of much greater thickness p [58] Field of Search 350/213, 211, 194, 167 cess and apparatus for the production of the lens ment is included. [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 5 Chims, 12 Drawing Figures 1,952,237 3/1934 Ylla-Conte 350/211 I 3: 25 I/ I PATENTED M15 SHEET 1 BF 3 OPTICAL ELEMENT OF REDUCED THICKNESS This is a division of pending patent application Ser. No. 131,156, filed Apr. 5, 1971, now US. Pat. No. 3,739,445.

This invention relates to an optical element of reduced thickness and its process of and apparatus for manufacture.

The technique of fresnelling lenses to reduce their thickness is well known. Typically, a thin sheet of optic material is provided with a series of side-by-side inclined surfaces. These surfaces are each sloped with respect to either a concentric point of generation in the case of a lens or a straight line in the case of a prism so that their combined slopes deflect light in a manner similar to the planar surface of a single optical element having an uninterrupted surface.

Unfortunately, conventional fresnelling techniques are complex; precision optically sloped surfaces must be formed in exact side-by-side relation. Moreover, these conventional fresnelling techniques are designed for generating the fresnelled equivalent of optical elements which are symmetrical about either a line (as in the case of conventional lenses) or alternately symmetrical about a plane (as in the case of optical wedges). Where the optic surfaces are complex, separate generation of the fresnelled surfaces in side-by-side relation by conventional methods is impractical, if not impossible. (For an example of such a non-symmetrical optical surface, see US. Pat. No. 3,305,294 entitled Two- Element Variable-Power Spherical Lens").

An object of this invention is to disclose a process and apparatus for reducing the thickness of virtually any optic surface, symmetrical or unsymmetrical. Accordingly, a plurality of discrete elongate elements are aligned in parallel and lengthwise or longitudinal sideby-side relation. These aligned elements are rigidly clamped in their side-by-side relation to prevent relative movement therebetween. Thereafter, a continuous optic surface is formed at first end of the elements. When the optic surface is formed, the elongate elements are partially released from their clamped disposition, maintained in their original side-by-side relation, and realigned at their formed first ends against a preselected surface, which surface is typically planar. When realigned, the first ends of the elements define a mosaic of individual optic surfaces which can be used as a mold for optic elements.

An advantage of this invention is that the disclosed process can be used for the manufacture of a male lens mold from which female molds, and finally, optic elements can be directly cast or otherwise formed.

Yet another advantage of this invention is that the matrix produced by the disclosed process can be used for manufacturing directly a lens by the expedient of pouring fluidized optic material over the matrix produced.

A still further advantage of this invention is that where the elongate elements are manufactured of optic material, the end result of the disclosed process can be a lens.

Yet another advantage of this invention is that the optic surface can be formed within the ends of the elongate elements by virtually any known technique; such known techniques can include conventional grinding or, alternately, electric discharge machining of the optic surfaces.

Still another advantage of this invention is that this technique can be adapted to reduce the thickness or depth of optical peaks in the fresnelled surface.

Other objects. features, and advantages of this invention will become more apparent upon reading of the following specification and referring to the attached drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a non-symmetrical optical surface which is used as the matrix for the illustrated process;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the discrete, elongate elements shown held in longitudinal side-by-side rela' tion prior to forming of the optic surface thereon;

FIG. 3 is a side elevation section along lines 3-3 of FIG. 2 illustrating a single row of discrete, elongate elements after the surface of FIG. 1 has been formed thereon;

FIG. 4 is a side elevation section similar to FIG. 3 illustrating the realigned position of the elements at their polished surface against a plane;

FIG. 5 is a side elevation section similar to FIG. 4 illustrating the realigned elongate elements being used as a female mold surface for forming a lens in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 6 is a side elevation section similar to FIG. 5 showing a plane surface formed in the optic material placed within the mold of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the optic element of FIG. 6 after it has been removed from the mold;

FIG. 8 is a plan view of an alternate; hexagonal crosssectional configuration of the discrete elements used in this process;

FIG. 9a is a side elevation view analogous to FIG. 3 illustrating the discrete optical elements inclined with respect to one another during the forming of the optical surface on the ends of the elements;

FIG. 9b is an enlarged view of two overlying optical elements illustrating the elements in the inclined and overlying position;

FIG. 10a is a side elevation analogous to FIG. 7 illustrating the completed lens elements formed; and,

FIG. 10b is an enlarged view of the part of. the lens formed from the section illustrated in FIG. 9b.

With reference to FIG. 1, an optical element A is illustrated incorporating therein a complex optical surface B. The optical surface B herein illustrated is fully described in US. Pat. No. 3,305,294, entitled "Two- Element Variable-Power Spherical Lens.

With respect to FIG. 2, apparatus suitable for the technique of this invention is illustrated. A plurality of elongate elements C are shown being held in longitudinal side-by-side relation by clamps D.

Elements C are here illustrated as square in cross section. These elements at their respective sides 14 contact one another so as to form in the aggregate a complete and uninterrupted surface 16.

Elongate elements C can be fabricated of virtually any material. Typically when the technique is to be used for forming a male mold for the subsequent production of optical elements, elements C can be of opaque, solid material. Such materials can include metals, plastics, and virtually any other solid material, the only limitation being that the solid material be capable of being formed with the optical surface B, typically by grinding followed by polishing of the surface 16.

It should be realized that the elements C themselves could be made from an optic material. This, however,

is not efficient. The present technique can be used with greater utility in forming mold on which lens may subsequently be formed.

With reference to FIG. 3, a side elevation section of the elongate elements C is illustrated. Typically, clamps D are urged towards one another to rigidly hold the elements C in side-by-side relation. Thereafter, the continuous complex optical surface B is formed within the exposed ends of the optical elements. This results in substantial portions of the length of the elongate elements C being cut away at their exposed ends, each of the elements being provided with the complex curvature of optical surface B.

The forming or grinding and polishing of the optical surface B within the upwardly exposed ends of elongate elements C can be accomplished by virtually any known technique. For example, the grinding technique described and illustrated in application Ser. No. 831,437, filed June 9, 1969, now US. Pat. No. 3,605,345 entitled Lens Surface Grinding Method and Apparatus" can be used. Altemately, electric discharge machining techniques can be used, the rough contour of optical surface B first being formed in the electric discharge machining process and thereafter the surface B being polished by conventional polishing techniques.

With reference to FIG. 4, the next sequential step in the production of the lens element is illustrated. Typically, once the surface B has been impressed or ground and polished within the exposed ends of elements C, pressure on the clamp members D is relaxed. Elements C are free to move longitudinally towards plane surface I8 in their original side-by-side orientation within clamps D. Typically, the elements C are moved upwardly and towards the plane 18 until the highest spot in each optical surface just contacts plane 18. Such movement will give the row of elongate elements C the configuration shown in FIG. 4.

Two features can be briefly emphasized. First upon realignment, the ends of the elements C remote from the optic surface can be reduced in length. This has been done in FIG. 4.

Secondly, the elements C even when shortened, will be maintained with a relative high length to width ratio. This will impart mechanical stability to the lens elements when they are braced in side-by-side relation.

With reference to FIG. 5, a fluidized optical material 52 is shown being poured interior of a mold. The mold is formed by sidewalls D on either side with the formed end of discrete elements C forming the bottom surface thereof. It will thus be seen that a continuous optical surface is formed across the surface of the mold.

Referring to FIG. 6, the fluidized optical material 52 is shown solidified within the mold. Moreover, a continuous and planar surface has been formed, typically by impressing a regular surface (such as the plane surface 55 here shown) at the upper surface of the solidified optic material. It is thus seen that the optical element is completely formed. This element is shown removed from the mold in the illustration of FIG. 7.

Comparing the lower surface of the lens element illustrated in FIG. 7 to the upper surface of the mold illustrated in FIG. 4, one important observation can be made. It will be noted that the lens element here formed is in a cross section which is a mirror image of the lens surface initially formed on the ends of the discrete elements C. As should be apparent to those skilled in molding, the lens element shown in FIG. 7 can itself be used for a subsequent mold. This will result in a lens being formed which has an optical cross section identical to the cross section originally ground and polished on the element C.

In the production of the lenses utilizing the apparatus and technique of this disclosure, it is preferred that the individual elongate element C have a contiguous contacting surface around the entirety of their periphery. For that reason these elements have been here illustrated as each being of identical and square dimension. It will be realized, however, that some departure can be made from this contiguous configuration. For instance the rods could be hexagonally shaped and placed in vertical side-by-side alignment as shown at cross section 30 of- FIG. 8. It is important that only the elements do not angularly move during their realignment and that any interval between contiguous elements C be small enough to prevent the penetration of the optic material being molded and not appreciably interrupt the continuity of the optic surface being formed.

In the fabrication of this lens, one important limitation will be noted. Referring to the left-hand element 20 or the right-hand element 22, it will be noted that the optical surface thereon has a peak of height 25. As a practical matter, the lens element formed must be at least as thick as the height 25 of the peak located at the point of maximum slope on the optic surface.

Referring to FIGS. 9a, 9b, 10a and 10b, a technique for reducing this total peak height is illustrated. Referring to FIG. 9a, two complementary lens surfaces 38 and 40 are illustrated ground and polished in a plurality of elongate elements C. Elements C' are in parallel alignment with their elongate axis inclined with respect to the normal of the reference surface from which lens surface 38 and 40 are ground and polished. Optical surfaces 38 and 40 are generated in the exposed surfaces of elements C from a reference plane which is substantially normal to a vertical axis 30. Unlike the elements C, this reference plane is not inclined.

After surfaces 38 and, 40 have been ground and polished in the exposed end of element C, these elements are aligned parallel to the referenced axis 30. Thereafter the individual elements C' at their ground surfaces are aligned against a plane in a manner precisely analogous to that step schematically illustrated with respect to FIG. 4. Thereafter, the excess length of some of the elements are removed and fluidized material formed as by pouring or alternately impressing against the surface defined at the element ends. Optical elements having the configuration of FIG. 10a are thus formed.

Referring to FIG. 9b, when the elongate elements C' are slanted, it will be observed that the increment 25 of the total peak height of the optic surface remains substantially the same as that peak height previously referred to in the example of FIG. 6. When, however, the elements are relatively moved with respect to one another to have a vertical alignment parallel to referenced axis 30, the peak height will be reduced. This recluction will occur as illustrated at 45 in FIGS. 10a and 10b.

Referring to FIG. 9b. the two overlying elements C' on the extreme left-hand matrix of FIG. 9a are illustrated. At FIG. 10b these same two elements are shown in broken lines overlying the arcuate portion of the complementary optical surfaces which they form in FIG. 10a.

It will be observed that if elements C shown in FIG. 9b had been used as a mold, an additional wedge of optical material 60 and 61 would have been molded into each optic surface. These wedges are illustrated schematically in broken lines in FIG. 9b. When, however, the elements C' shown in broken lines in FIG. 10 are aligned to the vertical, these wedges are not molded; rather they are each subtracted from the molded optic surface. Moreover, it will be observed in FIG. 917 that the wedges generated are each opposite and equal. Hence, assuming that the slanted elements C were used as a mold in FIG. 9b the wedges would cancel one another. Hence, the optics of a lens element generated from the matrix shown in FIG. 9b will be the same as the lens elements illustrated in FIG. 10b.

Additionally, it will be noted that in this particular case, the two lens surfaces are overlying and complementary to one another. It will be observed that lens element A in FIG. 10a is the equivalent of the optical surface 40 generated in the matrix of FIG. 9a and that lens element A is the equivalent of optic surface 38 shown in FIG. 9a. Hence, whether the matrix is used as a mold for each of the elements or alternately as a matrix for forming a female mold from which optic elements are subsequently formed, the optic of the produced and overlying lens elements will be the same. This, of course, will only be true where there are two lens elements of complementary curvature.

It should be noted in the illustration of FIG. 10a that each lens element of the complementary lens elements is formed with a flat surface confronting the remaining complementary lens element. This configuration of the lens elements enables the two lenses to slide relative to one another without becoming locked at their respective irregular optic surfaces on the opposite side.

Two important observations can be made about the technique described with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10. First, it is possible to construct an optic element in which some of the rows of optical elements C are aligned substantially normal to the optical surface being generated and other optical elements such as elements C are slanted. Secondly, relative movement between the overlying elements such as element A, and underlying optical elements such as A, will produce no distortion provided that relative movement occurs in a direction which is parallel to the path of the slanted optical elements.

In the production of the lens elements herein illus-' trated, the width of the elongate elements exposed to the entering light will effectively have the same considerations applied thereto as the case of more conventional fresnelling techniques. Briefly stated, the area of the exposed elongate ends of the optical element mosaic must be maintained with .an aperture size so that it will not greatly degrade the optic resolution desired through the lens element. While considerations of aperture size will vary with particular application desired, it can be generally observed that where the mosaic lens elements are to be used in conjunction with, and relatively close to, the human eye such apertures may be in the range of 5 mm. diameter or less.

It should be appreciated that the matrix produced by the process of this invention can be used in a multitude of ways. For example, optic material can be poured and thereafter solidified in the mold formed by the matrix. Alternately, the mold can be used to impress under pressure the optic surface in a material. Further, a particularized solid could be placed within the mold, thereafter melted and solidified into a solid optical material. Likewise, virtually all other techniques adaptable to a mold or matrix could be used.

While one embodiment of this invention has been shown and described. it will be apparent that other applications and modifications of this device can be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of this invention.

What is claimed is:

l. A lens element matrix of discrete elements comprising a plurality of discrete elongate elements, each element having first and second ends with a plurality of elongate side surfaces therebetween; means for permitting alignment of said elongate elements in side-by-side relation with said second ends forming a common surface and said elongate side surfaces of each element in contiguous contacting relation with adjacent elements, said side surfaces permitting relative movement between said elements in the direction of the elongation of said elements and said elongate side surfaces inhibiting relative rotation of said elements about the direction of elongation of said elements; means for holding the elements to prevent relative movement at said side surfaces in the direction of elongation of said elements, said first ends together forming incremental discrete segments of a continuous optical surface, the maximum lens thickness variation being less than one-half the surface diameter, said surface having a thickness variation t parallel to an optic axis, said thickness substantially defined by the terms A (xy +%x)+Dx+E wherein x and y represent points on a rectangular coordinate system in a plane normal to the optic axis, A is a constant representing power variation in the x direction, D is a constant representing the coefficient of a prism removed to minimize thickness and may have a value of zero, and E is a constant representing thickness of the optic axis; the peak of the first common ends of each element being aligned to a common surface.

2. The invention of claim 1 and wherein the longitudinal axis of said discrete elongate elements is normal to the plane about which the optic element is generated.

3. The invention of claim 1 and wherein said elements are of rectangular cross-sectional configuration.

4. The invention of claim 1 and wherein said elements are of hexagonal cross-sectional configuration.

5. The invention of claim 1 and wherein all portions of said elements adjacent to remaining elements are contiguous.

t i III I 

1. A lens element matrix of discrete elements comprising a plurality of discrete elongate elements, each element having first and second ends with a plurality of elongate side surfaces therebetween; means for permitting alignment of said elongate elements in side-by-side relation with said second ends forming a common surface and said elongate side surfaces of each element in contiguous contacting relation with adjacent elements, said side surfaces permitting relative movement between said elements in the direction of the elongation of said elements and said elongate side surfaces inhibiting relative rotation of said elements about the direction of elongation of said elements; means for holding the elements to prevent relative movement at said side surfaces in the direction of elongation of said elements, said first ends together forming incremental discrete segments of a continuous optical surface, the maximum lens thickness variation being less than one-half the surface diameter, said surface having a thickness variation t parallel to an opTic axis, said thickness substantially defined by the terms A (xy2 + 1/3 x3) + Dx + E wherein x and y represent points on a rectangular coordinate system in a plane normal to the optic axis, A is a constant representing power variation in the x direction, D is a constant representing the coefficient of a prism removed to minimize thickness and may have a value of zero, and E is a constant representing thickness of the optic axis; the peak of the first common ends of each element being aligned to a common surface.
 2. The invention of claim 1 and wherein the longitudinal axis of said discrete elongate elements is normal to the plane about which the optic element is generated.
 3. The invention of claim 1 and wherein said elements are of rectangular cross-sectional configuration.
 4. The invention of claim 1 and wherein said elements are of hexagonal cross-sectional configuration.
 5. The invention of claim 1 and wherein all portions of said elements adjacent to remaining elements are contiguous. 